Carnot theorem is proved.Thus, a corollary to Carnots theorem state:The thermal efficiency of a Carnot engine depends only on the temperature levels and depends only on the temperature levels and not upon the working substance of the engine A heat engine operating in a completely reversible manner is called a Carnot engine (N.L.S. In operation, the working fluid of a heat engine absorbs heat |QH| from a hot reservoir, produces a net amount of work |W|, discard heat |QC| to a cold reservoir, and returns to its initial state.Basic Thermodynamic Cycle of Heat EngineHEAT SOURCEQinWorking SubstanceHEAT SINKPumpEngine WQoutSubstanceThe first law:C H Q Q W =The thermal efficiency of the engine:C C HQQQQ QQW = 1 H H H Q Q Q If a thermal efficiency of 100% is not possible for heat engines, what determines the upper limits?Refrigerator and Air ConditionerHigh-temperatureSOURCERefrigeratorQHLow-temperatureSINKRefrigeratorWQCC net H Q W Q + =Carnots TheoremNo engine operating between two reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating those same two reservoirsHot reservoir at THEng E|W|RefrigeratorC = refrigeratorHQ' HQH H Q Q ' Hot reservoir at THCold reservoir at TCCold reservoir at TCW Q H ' W QH H H Q Q ' If engine E has the greater efficiency,( ) Q Q W Q W Q ' ' = H HH HQ' Q and Q Q'W> WFor the engine/refrigerator combination, the net heat extracted from the cold reservoir is :( ) H H H H Q Q W Q W Q ' ' = The net heat delivered to the hot reservoir is alsoH H Q Q ' Since this is in violation of statement of the second law, the original premise that engine E has a greater efficiency then the Carnot engine is false. Essential to all heat-engine cycles are absorption of heat into the system at a high temperature, rejection of heat to the surroundings at a lower temperature, and production of work. (Clausius)Hukum I dan Hukum II Hukum I :- Energi dapat berubah dari suatu bentuk energi menjadi bentuk energi lainnya- Tidak bisa menjelaskan arah perubahannya dan sifat perubahannya perubahannya dan sifat perubahannya (spontan/tidak spontan) Hukum II :- Menjelaskan arah perubahan energi dan sifat perubahannya, spontan/tidak spontanMesin Kaloradalah suatu alat atau mesin yang menghasilkan kerja dari panas (kalor) dalam suatu proses siklis. No process is possible which consists solely into the transfer of heat from one temperature level to a higher one. pencampuran pencampuranTransfer panas Transfer panasTT11> T > T22QEkspansi Ekspansi P1> P2Statements of The Second Law No apparatus can operate in such a way that its only effect is to convert heat absorbed by a system completely into work done by the system.(Kelvin-Plank) It is impossible by a cyclic process to convert the heat absorbed by a system completely into work done by the system. Panas mengalir dari suhu tinggi ke suhu rendah, tidak pernah sebaliknya.Gerakan dengan friksi Gerakan dengan friksiReaksi kimia spontan Reaksi kimia spontanBeberapa Proses Tak Dapat Balik. Panas tidak dapat seluruhnya diubah menjadi Panas tidak dapat seluruhnya diubah menjadi kerja, energi potensial, energi kinetik atau energi listrik. Efisiensi bisa mencapai 100% dengan menghilangkan friksi. Hukum Kedua Termodinamika TermodinamikaKerja & Panas Kerja dapat diubah hampir seluruhnya menjadi panas, energi potensial, energi kinetik atau energi listrik.